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The Cyprus problem is de facto an existential issue. Before 1974 it would have been possible to achieve a settlement on the basis of a unitary state. But that did not happen.
It should be stressed that the negotiating framework has shifted substantially from 1974 to the present day towards the Turkish positions. Nevertheless, it has not been possible to reach a settlement. Under the current circumstances, Turkey would consent to a Cyprus settlement if it ensures its strategic control of the entire Island. Consequently, there has not been a real opportunity for an acceptable solution after the invasion.
Various Turkish officials and theorists have indicated that even if there were no Turkish Cypriots living in Cyprus Ankara would still be interested in the Island.
There are different and, more often than not, conflicting narratives about the history and the politics of Cyprus. One of my major goals is to provide an objective account of what really happened in Cyprus. At the same time, I suggest a comprehensive strategy for the way forward. Although circumstances have changed, I explore ways in which the problem can be resolved utilizing an evolutionary process and the unity of the Republic of Cyprus is reestablished. At the same time, I understand that the role of external powers toward this direction is extremely important. Obviously, this is a difficult task. I am certain though that the suggested policy can be more productive than the one pursued up until now.
Γλώσσα πρωτότυπου: Αγγλικά
ISBN: 978-9963-676-56-9
Γλώσσα Βιβλίου: Αγγλικά
Τόπος έκδοσης: Aθήνα - Λευκωσία
Έτος έκδοσης: 2025
Αριθμός Έκδοσης: 1
Δέσιμο: Χαρτόδετο
Θέμα: Πολιτική Ιστορία
Είναι εξαντλημένο ή κυκλοφορεί: Κυκλοφορεί
Τιμή Αγοράς: 25 ευρώ
Αριθμός Σελίδων: 360
Διαστάσεις: 17Χ24
PREFACE 13
INTRODUCTION 17
- THE CYPRUS PROBLEM FROM THE CREATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
TO THE TURKISH INVASION 21
Historical background and context 21
Constitutional arrangements 26
The political climate 27
The submission of the 13 Points and the consequences 30
The shift to the policy of "the feasible” 33
The fatal course of destruction 37
The coup d' etat of the Greek Junta against Makarios and the Turkish invasion 41
The consequences of the disaster 47
Could the Turkish invasion have been prevented? 50
- FROM THE ACCEPTANCE OF FEDERATION TO THE GHALI SET OF IDEAS 55
The Turkish demand for a federal arrangement before the invasion 55
Federation as a solution of necessity after the Turkish invasion 57
READ MOREThe adoption of federation in the meeting of Athens (30/11-1/12/1974) 61
The unilateral declaration of the "Turkish Federated State of Northern Cyprus" (February 13,1975) and the day after 63
The acceptance of federation and the high-level agreements 67
The rise of Andreas Papandreou in Greece
and the new ideological and political climate in Cyprus 69
The declaration of the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
(November 15,1983) and the day after 71
From the election of Vassiliou to the Ghali Set of Ideas 74
- THE EUROPEAN OPTION AND THE ANNAN PLAN 77
The presidential elections of 1993 and the day after 77
The New Strategy 79
The setting aside of the Doctrine of the Common Defense Area and the focus on the European course 81
The Annan Plan 83
The election of Tassos Papadopoulos to the Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus and the attempt to change course 86
The road to the Referendum on the Annan Plan 89
The objectives of the actors involved 92
- FROM THE REFERENDUM ON THE ANNAN PLAN V
TO THE COLLAPSE IN CRANS-MONTANA ANDTHE DAY AFTER 99
The critique of President Tassos Papadopoulos and of the Republic of Cyprus 99
The Report of the UN Secretary-General to the Security Council and the efforts to upgrade the "TRNC" 100
The myth of the isolation of the Turkish Cypriots 101
Setting a date for the start of EU-Turkey accession talks 103
The Papadopoulos-Talat agreement of July 8,2006 105
The rise of Demetris Christofias to power 106
The economic crisis and the rise of Nicos Anastasiades to power 108
The climax of the efforts for a solution 110
The day after 113
- A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE POLICIES ON THE CYPRUS PROBLEM
OF ALL THE PRESIDENTS 117
Introduction 117
Archbishop Makarios 117
Spyros Kyprianou 125
Giorgos Vassiliou 131
Glafcos Clerides 135
Tassos Papadopoulos 141
Demetris Christofias 148
Nicos Anastasiades 152
Nikos Christodoulides 157
Comparative assessment of the Presidents of the Republic 159
8
- THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE, THE BROADER REPERCUSSIONS
AND THE CYPRUS PROBLEM 169
Introduction 169
The war in Ukraine and the day after 170
The consequences for the EU 175
The UN, International Law and Realpolitik 181
After the reelection of Donald Trump to the Presidency of the US 184
Cyprus, Ukraine and the International Community 186
- THE POLICIES OF THE GUARANTOR COUNTRIES
AND OF OTHER POWERS ON CYPRUS 193
The Guarantor Powers 193
Britain 193
Greece 197
Turkey 199
The Permanent Members of the Security Council of the UN 200
US 200
Soviet Union/Russian Federation 205
France and China 208
Other regional powers: Israel and Egypt 209
The EU 211
The UN 213
Postscript 214
- THE DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE POSSIBLE OPTIONS 215
The political system and the Cyprus problem 215
Some issues 218
The current situation 221
The dangers 224
The theoretical options for the solution of the Cyprus problem 226
Unitary State 226
Bizonal Bicommunal Federation 226
Two-State Solution 227
onfederation 228
Status Quo/Continuation of the current situation 228
Sui Generis Federal Model and a bizonal bicommunal federation with the “appropriate content" 229
Annexation of the Occupied Territories by Turkey 229
What Policy for the Cyprus question? 230
Guidelines for the resolution of the Cyprus problem -
The proposal for a normal state 230
The Republic of Cyprus as a normal state after the solution 230
The evolutionary approach and the CBMs 235
Survival strategy 238
Epilogue 240
Postscript 244
APPENDIXES 245
APPENDIX 1
The 13 Points for the Revision of the Constitution (November 30,1963) 247
APPENDIX 2
President Makarios’ speech to the UN Security Council (July 19,1974,15:30 New York time) 249
APPENDIX 3
The Third Vienna Agreement (August 2,1975) 257
APPENDIX 4
The high-level agreement between President Makarios and the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash (February 12,1977) 259
APPENDIX 5
The high-level agreement between President Spyros Kyprianou and the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash (May 19,1979) 261
APPENDIX 6
Greek Cypriot Proposals -1989 Outline of Proposals for the establishment of a Federal Republic and for the solution of the Cyprus problem, submitted on January 30,1989 263
APPENDIX 7
Proposal for a lasting solution in Cyprus issued in Nicosia on August 31,1998 by the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash 275
APPENDIX 8
The Final Points Conveyed to Mr de Soto by Ambassador Ziyal on March 26,2004 277
APPENDIX 9
The Address of President Tassos Papadopoulos on the Referendum of April 24,2004, Regarding the Annan Plan 279
APPENDIX 10
An Assessment of the Positions of the Two Sides at the Beginning of the Process during the Autumn of 1999
and of the Annan Plan V (March 31,2004) 295
APPENDIX 11
The high-level agreement between President Tassos Papadopoulos and the Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat (July 8,2006) 301
APPENDIX 12
The high-level agreement between President Demetris Christofias and the Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat (May 23,2008) 303
APPENDIX 13
The high-level agreement between President Nicos Anastasiades and the Turkish Cypriot leader Dervis Eroglu (February 11,2014) 305
APPENDIX 14
The Guterres Framework (a set of proposals orally presented by the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres at the Crans-Montana
summit in June-July 2017) 309
APPENDIX 15
United Nations General Assembly, Resolution ES-11/7:
Humanitarian consequences of the aggression against Ukraine (February 24,2025) 313
BIBLIOGRAPHY 317
Newspapers and Electronic Resources 325
INDEX OF NAMES 331
INDEX OF TERMS 337
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